Liberalism In its minimal sense, liberalism is a normative theory concerning the legitimate limits of political power and the priority of individual rights over the will of public authority. Within this framework, individual freedoms are not privileges granted by the state, but rights treated as normative presuppositions. The task of political order is not to bestow these rights, but to recognize, secure, and protect them. From this perspective, liberalism is less a theory of governmental form than a criterion for assessing the legitimacy of political power. Historical Context and Origins In the historical experience of Christian Europe, the overlap between religious authority and political power, combined with the concentration of rule, created conditions in which the critique of religion, rational inquiry, and processes of secularization gradually undermined absolute authorities. Alongside legal and economic transformations, these developments facilitated the emergence of ideas such ...
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