About (EN)



This blog focuses on political philosophy, secularism, and the critique of religious authority.

Its primary aim is to examine concepts such as liberalism, individual freedom, and power, not as ideological slogans, but as historically and philosophically grounded ideas.

The blog approaches political and social issues from a secular and analytical perspective, emphasizing conceptual clarity, critical reasoning, and historical context.

All English articles published here are original analytical texts or carefully revised versions of previously published Persian essays.

 

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Liberalism

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Liberalism In its minimal sense, liberalism is a normative theory concerning the legitimate limits of political power and the priority of individual rights over the will of public authority. Within this framework, individual freedoms are not privileges granted by the state, but rights treated as normative presuppositions. The task of political order is not to bestow these rights, but to recognize, secure, and protect them. From this perspective, liberalism is less a theory of governmental form than a criterion for assessing the legitimacy of political power. Historical Context and Origins In the historical experience of Christian Europe, the overlap between religious authority and political power, combined with the concentration of rule, created conditions in which the critique of religion, rational inquiry, and processes of secularization gradually undermined absolute authorities. Alongside legal and economic transformations, these developments facilitated the emergence of ideas such ...
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Can We Imagine a Cause of ‘Being’ Outside the World?

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  Can We Imagine a Cause of ‘Being’ Outside the World?      Often, when we inquire into the origin of existence, answers tend toward something beyond the observable world: a timeless, spaceless, unchanging cause. But a deeper and more precise question is this: Can such a reference genuinely function as an explanation? In this essay, without appealing to theology or empirical science, I offer a logical and conceptual analysis. Two Conceptual Domains It is useful to distinguish—methodologically, not dogmatically—between two conceptual domains: The observable domain: the world in which change, time, space, and causal relations have meaning. The non-observable domain: what is assumed to be outside time, change, and differentiation. This distinction is not a metaphysical claim but a tool for analyzing the validity of explanatory frameworks. The Problem of Causatio...
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پادشاهی چیست؟ تعریف، منشأ قدرت و نمونه‌های تاریخی و معاصر

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  پادشاهی چیست؟ تعریف، منشأ قدرت و نمونه‌های تاریخی و معاصر پادشاهی یکی از کهن‌ترین اشکال حکومت در تاریخ بشر است. برای فهم دقیق آن باید از یک پرسش بنیادین آغاز کرد : رأس قدرت سیاسی چگونه تعیین می‌شود؟ پاسخ به این پرسش، ماهیت نظام پادشاهی را روشن می‌کند .   تعریف پادشاهی پادشاهی نظامی سیاسی است که در آن عالی‌ترین مقام کشور—شاه، ملکه یا امپراتور—معمولاً از طریق وراثت تعیین می‌شود و مدت تصدی او غالباً مادام‌العمر است . در این نظام : انتقال قدرت در چارچوب یک خاندان انجام می‌شود رأس نظام خارج از چرخهٔ انتخاب عمومی است استمرار مقام وابسته به رأی دوره‌ای مردم نیست این عناصر ساختاری، در تمام اشکال تاریخی پادشاهی مشترک‌اند، هرچند میزان اختیارات آن‌ها متفاوت بوده است .   منشأ تاریخی قدرت در پادشاهی در بسیاری از تمدن‌های باستانی، پادشاهی با تمرکز قدرت در یک فرد شکل گرفت و مشروعیت آن با عناصر مذهبی یا سنتی تقویت شد . ایران باستان در کتیبهٔ بیستون، داریوش هخامنشی خود را برگزیدهٔ اهورامزدا معرفی می‌کند. این نمونه نشان می‌دهد که مشروعیت س...
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